Research Methodology

Assignment A

Q1. Write the important steps of report preparation.

Q2. What are the mistakes to avoid during questionnaire design?

Q3. On what basis should a researcher choose between probability and non-probability sampling?

Q4. What are the key points to keep in mind for effective presentation of data?

Q5.  Discuss Likert Scales. Give 3 examples.

Q6.  Do a comparison of open ended and close ended questions.

Q7. Describe the observation method.

Q8.  What are various errors that can occur during research?

Case study

The first stage in research is discovering where to look for information and opinions on your topic. The more you know about the library and the materials and services it provides, the more successful you will be in gathering information and ideas for your research paper.

Q.No 1: Why is it important to spend time on the first stage of research?

Q.No 2: What are the various sources of information one can look at for the first stage of research?

Q.No 3: What are the important factors to keep in mind while gathering information?

Assignment C
Question

Sources of researchable problems can include:
 (A): Researchers’ own experiences as educators
 (B): Practical issues that require solutions
 (C): Theory and past research
 (D): All of the above

Research hypotheses are ______.
 (A): Formulated prior to a review of the literature
 (B): Statements of predicted relationships between variables
 (C): Stated such that they can be confirmed or refuted
 (D): b and c

A research plan _____.
 (A): Should be detailed
 (B): Should be given to others for review and comments
 (C): Sets out the rationale for a research study
 (D): All of the above

'Research methodology' refers to:
 (A): The sampling technique.
 (B): The tools that the researcher uses.
 (C): The chain of association between the research question and the research design.
 (D): Qualitative methods.

The two main styles of research are:
 (A): Data collection and data coding.
 (B): Surveys and questionnaires.
 (C): Sampling and recording.
 (D): Qualitative and quantitative

The Introduction section of the research plan
 (A): Gives an overview of prior relevant studies
 (B): Contains a statement of the purpose of the study
 (C): Concludes with a statement of the research questions and, for quantitative research, it includes
 (D): All of the above

A simple random sample is one in which:
 (A): From a random starting point, every nth unit from the sampling frame is selected
 (B): non-probability strategy is used, making the results difficult to generalize
 (C): The researcher has a certain quota of respondents to fill for various social groups
 (D): Every unit of the population has an equal chance of being selected

A sampling frame is:
 (A): A summary of the various stages involved in designing a survey
 (B): An outline view of all the main clusters of units in a sample
 (C): A list of all the units in the population from which a sample will be selected
 (D): A wooden frame used to display tables of random numbers

A systematic literature review is:
 (A): One which starts in your own library, then goes to on-line databases and, finally, to the
 (B): A replicable, scientific and transparent process
 (C): One which gives equal attention to the principal contributors to the area
 (D): All of the above

Convenience sampling is a ________ method
 (A): Random Sampling
 (B): Probability sampling
 (C): Non - Probability sampling
 (D): None of these

The value of piloting a questionnaire is that it helps you to:
 (A): Test out your questions on some of the people who will be in the final sample
 (B): Identify and amend any problems in the question wording, order and format
 (C): Find out what a trained pilot would think of the subject matter
 (D): All of the above

What practical steps can you take before you actually start your research?
 (A): Find out exactly what your institution's requirements are for a dissertation
 (B): Make sure you are familiar with the hardware and software you plan to use
 (C): Apply for clearance of your project through an ethics committee
 (D): All of the above

What is a cross-sectional design?
 (A): The collection of data from more than one case at one moment in time
 (B): A study of one particular section of society, e.g. the middle classes
 (C): One that is devised when the researcher is in a bad mood
 (D): comparison of two or more variables over a long period of time

If a study is "reliable", this means that:
 (A): The measures devised for concepts are stable on different occasions
 (B): It was conducted by a reputable researcher who can be trusted
 (C): The findings can be generalized to other social settings
 (D): The methods are stated clearly enough for the research to be replicated

In an experimental design, the dependent variable is:
 (A): The one that is manipulated in order to observe any effects on the other
 (B): A measure of the extent to which personal values affect research
 (C): An ambiguous concept whose meaning depends on how it is defined
 (D): The one that is not manipulated and in which any changes are observed

What is research design?
 (A): A framework for every stage of the collection and analysis of data
 (B): A way of conducting research that is not grounded in theory
 (C): The choice between using qualitative or quantitative methods
 (D): The style in which you present your research findings, e.g. a graph

The feasibility of a research study should be considered in light of:
 (A): Cost and time required to conduct the study
 (B): Skills required of the researcher
 (C): Potential ethical concerns
 (D): All of the above

Which of the following is not an essential element of report writing?
 (A): Research Methodology
 (B): Reference
 (C): Conclusion
 (D): None of these

Closed ended questions are those that:
 (A): Have a fixed range of possible answers
 (B): Prevent respondents from allocating themselves to a category
 (C): Encourage detailed, elaborate responses
 (D): Relate to the basic demographic characteristics of respondents

Why is it important that personal data about research participants are kept within secure, confidential records?
 (A): So that the participants cannot find out what has been written about them
 (B): In case individuals, places or organizations can be harmed through identification or disclosure of personal information
 (C): So that government officials, teachers and other people in authority can have easy access to the data
 (D): To enable the researcher to track down individuals and find out more about their lives

It is helpful to use a multi-stage cluster sample when:
 (A): The population is widely dispersed geographically
 (B): You have limited time and money available for travelling
 (C): You want to use a probability sample in order to generalise the results
 (D): All of the above

What effect does increasing the sample size have upon the sampling error
 (A): It reduces the sampling error
 (B): It increases the sampling error
 (C): It has no effect on the sampling error
 (D): None of the above

Which of the following is not a type of non-probability sampling?
 (A): Snowball sampling
 (B): Stratified random sampling
 (C): Quota sampling
 (D): Convenience sampling

The findings from a study of young single mothers at a university can be generalised to the population of:
 (A): All young single mothers at that university
 (B): All young single mothers in that society
 (C): All single mothers in all universities
 (D): All young women in that university

Which of the following is odd among all. Solve by www.solvezone.in contact for more details at 8882309876
 (A): Bar diagram
 (B): Pie Diagram
 (C): Flow Chart
 (D): Line Graph

Which of the following is a general rule of thumb for designing questions?
 (A): Always bear in mind your research questions
 (B): Never ask a closed question
 (C): Always use vignettes rather than open questions
 (D): Use ambiguous terms to put respondents at ease

If sale of X product is influenced by advertising then advertising is an
 (A): Dependent variable
 (B): Independent variable
 (C): None of these
 (D): Random Variable

Which of the following is non-probability sampling?
 (A): Snowball
 (B): Random
 (C): Cluster
 (D): Stratified

The best method for conducting a training needs analysis when data needs to be obtained from a large number of employees is
 (A): Interviews
 (B): Observations
 (C): Questionnaires
 (D): All of the above

An open question is one that:
 (A): Allows respondents to answer in their own terms
 (B): Does not suggest or provide a limited range of responses
 (C): Can help to generate answers for closed questions
 (D): All of the above

Which of the following might you include in an introductory letter to respondents?
 (A): An explanation of who you are and who is funding your research
 (B): An overview of what the research is about and how the data will be collected
 (C): A statement of their ethical rights to anonymity, confidentiality, etc
 (D): All of the above

Standardizing the interview schedule can reduce interviewer variation in terms of:
 (A): The way in which questions are phrased by the interviewer
 (B): The order in which questions are asked
 (C): procedures used to code and analyse survey data
 (D): All of the above

Why is it important for structured interviews to follow a standardized procedure?
 (A): To increase validity, as the interview can be adapted for each respondent
 (B): To increase reliability, because all respondents receive the same interview stimulus
 (C): To allow for an in-depth exploration of the topic
 (D): None of these

Why do you need to review the existing literature?
 (A): To make sure you have a long list of references
 (B): Because without it, you could never reach the required word-count
 (C): To find out what is already known about your area of interest
 (D): To help in your general studying

To read critically means:
 (A): Taking an opposing point of view to the ideas and opinions expressed
 (B): Skimming through the material because most of it is just padding
 (C): Evaluating what you read in terms of your own research questions
 (D): Being negative about something before you read it

Which of the following should be included in a research proposal?
 (A): Your academic status and experience
 (B): The difficulties you encountered with your previous reading on the topic
 (C): Your choice of research methods and reasons for choosing them
 (D): All of the above

What is a cross-sectional design?
 (A): The collection of data from more than one case at one moment in time
 (B): A study of one particular section of society, e.g. the middle classes
 (C): One that is devised when the researcher is in a bad mood
 (D): Comparison of two or more variables over a long period of time

Market research report can be:
 (A): Syndicated
 (B): Periodic
 (C): Ad-hoc
 (D): All of the above

Quantitative research involves:
 (A): Interviewing people to find out their deeply held views about issues.
 (B): Collecting data in numerical form.
 (C): More rigour than qualitative research.
 (D): Interviewing every member of the target population.

A survey of respondents at different points in time thus allowing analysis of continuity and changes over time.
 (A): Panel study
 (B): TQM
 (C): Longitudinal study
 (D): None of these